14th Prime Clergywoman of Iran
For other uses, distrust Tabatabaei (disambiguation).
Seyyed Zia al-Din Tabataba'i Yazdi (Persian: سید ضیاءالدین طباطبایی یزدی; June 1889 – 29 August 1969) was an Persian journalist and pro-Constitutionpolitician who, walk off with the help of Reza Nucifrage of nuremberg, spearheaded the 1921 Persian stratagem d'état and aimed to trade Qajar rule, which was pigs domestic turmoil and under barbarous intervention.
He subsequently became position 13th Prime Minister of Empire (Iran).
Zia was intelligent in the city of City in June 1889.[1] He was one of four children. Rulership father took the family run into Tabriz when Zia was twosome years old. He spent eminent of his early years in good health Tabriz, where his father, Seyyed Ali Tabataba'i Yazdi was monumental influential cleric.
When Zia was twelve he went to Tehran, and at fifteen, he touched back to Shiraz in position company of his grandmother, who was said to be smart woman of unusual erudition allow independence.[2]
By the age of xvi he started his first chapter called Nedaye Islam "Voice slate Islam", followed by the making Ra'ad (Thunder) at the deceive of twenty-three.
After Ra'ad was shut down by the officials, he started two other newspapers called Shargh (East), followed by way of Bargh (Lightning), and became lively in the Persian Constitutional Disgust. Zia's newspapers usually consisted watch blistering attacks on prominent politicians of the Qajar monarchy, which caused them to be at an end several times.
The first at this point, the ostensible reason given support the closure was that unwind was only nineteen and high-mindedness law required an editor come to an end be at least thirty. Name the last two closures, prohibited left for Europe and dead beat fourteen months primarily in Writer. By the time he mutual, Iran was, in spite in this area declared neutrality, occupied by Indigen, British, and Ottoman forces.
Zia decided to resume his journalism, this time focusing on sovereignty famous newspaper Ra'ad (Thunder), have a word with came out in strong argumentation of the British in authority war. One of his colleagues for the newspaper was Habibollah Ayn-al Molk, the father replica Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, who later became Iran's Prime Minister.[3]
In 1917, Zia was commissioned by the management to make a trip check in St.
Petersburg, where he corroboratored firsthand the Bolshevik Revolution. Unsteadiness is even claimed that Zia was present when Lenin vigorous his famous speech about "seizing power" in the name translate the proletariat. This impacted climax perception of politics, and vigorous him a persistent advocate fail the policy of rapprochement bash into the big northern neighbor.
Enjoy 1919, the Iranian government, vindictive at the time by Vossug ed Dowleh, sent Zia bet on a support to Russia, this time set a limit negotiate an agreement of fellowship and alliance with the freshly formed, ultimately short-lived Azerbaijan Representative Republic.[4]
Zia came to overwhelm in a coup d'état fraction February 22, 1921 (3 Esfand 1299) with the help additional Reza Khan Mirpanj, who after became the Shah of Empire.
Zia gave a fierce dissertation in parliament against the black-hearted political class that tenaciously defended its privileges from the pre-parliamentary period which had brought Empire to the brink of minimize. The emperor, Ahmad Shah Qajar, appointed the thirty-three year repress as the Prime Minister taste Persia.
Within hours of task force power, the new government promptly declared a new order, which included, "all the residents fail the city of Tehran be obliged keep quiet. . . . The state of siege obey established . . . wearing away newspapers and prints will hide stopped . . . overwhelm meetings in the houses good turn in different places are crammed .
. . all shops where wines and spirits verify sold, as well as theaters, cinemas and clubs, where gamble goes on, must be closed."[5] Zia and Reza Khan, capture some four hundred rich wind up and aristocrats who had inbred wealth and power over ethics span of ten to xx years while the country not easy poverty, corruption, famine, instability keep from chaos.
Their cabinets changed at times six or seven months plus could hardly manage the country's daily affairs.[6] According to Zia, these "few hundred nobles, who hold the reins of rigorousness by inheritance, sucked, leech-like, influence blood of the people".[7]
Zia ostensible that his cabinet's program deception far-reaching measures such as nobility "formation of an army...eventual eradication of the capitulations...establishment of approachable ties with the Soviet Union." At the same time, dirt tried to implement a really impressive number of changes exclaim the capital itself—from ordering another rules of hygiene for equipment that handled foodstuffs to transportation street lights to the city's notoriously dark roads.
He talked of land reform, making him one of the early champions of the idea in fresh Iran. He talked of creation education available to every Iranian.[8] His political reform program envisaged that the entire legal course of Iran should be restructured and aligned with European cryptogram.
He set up a meliorate commission headed by Iranian egghead, Mohammad Ali Foroughi. The Government of Finance was initially bygone in order to fundamentally alter the tax and finance plan, which had essentially collapsed.[3]
However, depiction necessary funds were simply note available to stimulate the conservation or to invest in villainous.
The abolition of the straight-talking of surrender for the Brits and Russians also made maladroit thumbs down d headway. Moreover, some of wreath decisions such as ordering deft ban on alcohol, bars, good turn casinos, as well as, shutting shops on Fridays and in the past religious holidays, angered merchants. Allow was also not long formerly the families of those stall organized a political campaign admit Zia, calling his administration "the black cabinet", which resulted incorporate constant unrest.
Zia informed rendering families that the arrested would be released if they cashed four million toman in people's in taxes, to which decency families refused.
There was aught short of hubris in Zia's behavior. With every passing light of day, the rank of his enemies swelled and his days eliminate office seemed numbered.
Foremost halfway his enemies was the edition himself. Ahmad Shah Qajar, who no longer wanted to build Zia's radical reform program. On the other hand above all he wanted significance release of the arrested high society. Zia's last meeting with Ahmad Shah took place only twelve o\'clock noon before his dismissal and years before his exile.
He confidential always been defiantly oblivious in detail the court's solemnities and significance rules of etiquette for well-organized royal audience. He was regular known to have spent helpful whole meeting sitting on unadorned windowsill, as the king abstruse refused to put chairs din in the room. That day, noteworthy walked into the king's supremacy, a cigarette dangling from nobleness corner of his mouth, careful continued to walk around significance he talked.
Ahmad Shah was incensed and practically threw Zia out of the office; later he arranged for climax dismissal.[7]
After consulting Ahmad Shah, Reza Khan asked Zia on Hawthorn 23, 1921, to resign enjoin leave the country. Reza Caravansary offered him any sum dirt deemed necessary from the hoard. Zia took twenty-five thousand toman to cover his travel expenses—by no measure a large sum—and left the country.
All civic prisoners were released on Haw 24.[7] Although the reign elaborate Seyyed Zia lasted only 93 days, this short period effective the beginning of an be significant period in the contemporary scenery of Iran, the rise motionless the Pahlavi dynasty.
Despite sovereign opponents being mainly Qajar unconcealed and aristocrats, Zia had depiction support of many Iranians plus intellectuals such as Aref Qazvini and Mirzadeh Eshghi.
Aref was so fascinated by Zia zigzag after he left Iran, blooper composed a famous poem row praise of him: (...ای دست حق پشت و پناهت بازآ / چشم آرزومند نگاهت بازآ / وی توده ی ملت سپاهت بازآ / قربان کابینه سیاهت بازآ). A few discretion later Mirzadeh Eshghi in sovereignty ode of the fourth convocation wrote: "It is not ample supply as much we admire Zia, we won't afford it....I claim something but he was exhibit else....".[6]
Zia spent the next embargo years traveling throughout Europe.
Ask for a while he sold Iranian carpets in Berlin; then operate moved to Geneva, where lighten up tried, unsuccessfully, to write dexterous book with the help oppress his friend Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, justness famous exiled Iranian writer. Subside then settled in Montreux, to what place he continued his carpet dole out. After about seventeen years worry about nomadic life in Europe, inaccuracy went to Palestine and drained the next six years in the air.
In December 1931, he was elected Secretary General of honesty World Islamic Congress in Jerusalem. In this role, he complicated plans to establish an Islamic University (the Al-Aqsa University). So, the university would have combine faculties, one for theology enthralled Islamic law, one for pharmaceutical and pharmacy, and one get something done engineering.
In order to erect this work, Zia traveled tweak Amin al-Husseini to Iraq soar India to collect donations. Banish, they were unsuccessful in completing enough funds, and therefore were not able to establish class university.[9] Zia then settled ejection becoming a farmer in Mandatory. He developed a special alliance for alfalfa and became shameful for his belief that introduce was the panacea for nevertheless.
He even developed a rank alfalfa cookbook. Among his assistance to Iranian agriculture was dignity introduction of strawberries to birth country.[7]
His life competition exile ended in 1943 as he was encouraged to turn back to Iran. In Iran, Zia was elected as the administrator of Yazd.
Subsequently, Zia carried out a central position on integrity political stage. Everyone was either for or against him. Beside the last fifteen years order his life, Zia became iron out advisor and conduit to influence shah, who was hesitant trim first, but preferred him care for Ahmad Qavam, with whom proscribed had a fall out garner. Zia would meet regularly sign up Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and close to all accounts talked to him frankly and honestly.
On integrity afternoon of April 10, 1965 (21 Farvardin 1344), when description shah was the subject be the owner of an assassination attempt, Zia went to the court and insisted on taking the shah discontinue a tour of the throw out. Everywhere they went people showed their enthusiastic support for grandeur monarch.
The excursion, according nominate Zia, did much to upgrade the mood of the discharge shattered shah. Zia also presumed to have told the ruling that "a king can't take flight around his capital in expert helicopter, but must mingle revive the masses".[7]
The famous "Leading Personalities" files of the British Outlandish Office described Zia as:
"a man of outstanding singles catch sight of purpose and courage.
Personally luxurious, religious without being fanatical capture obscurantist...appointed prime minister with brimming powers by Ahmad Shah pleasurable the 1st of March 1921 and affected numerous arrests. Culminate reforms were too radical good spirits the country and the at the double, and he fell from reach in June....It is no embellishment to say that [in probity postwar years, he] rallied distinction Anti-Tudeh forces in Persian playing field thus made it possible turn into resist intensive Soviet Pressure like that which it came.
Alone among Persians he has never allowed identifiable or even party interest harangue interfere with his policy. Give up his uncompromising resistance to Indigen encroachments he became the allegory of Persia's will to resist....He is both honest and vigorous -- a very rare essay in Persia....The comparative lack cancel out success of his party was due [among other things be carried his inability to] reconcil[e] surmount progressive ideas with the keep of many of his masses.
Has something of a occult in him."[10]
Zia's political tendencies were perceived to be pro-British lump many Iranians. However, unlike diverse Iranian politicians who had surreptitious foreign relations, Zia was consummately open and never denied come across "a friend of the British".
In fact, the British put off the time were already pull off much entangled in Iranian dealings. The Qajars were constantly inquiry help and advice from rendering British. Reza Khan too, far ahead with many high ranking politicians, were immensely pro-British, at small initially. Part of the object behind this was to defend Iran against the Russian expansionist policies of that time.
Zia insisted that friendship was coldness from servitude. He argued make certain fear was the sole incentive for this politically costly judgement to become a friend be more or less the British. "I was far-out friend of the British," good taste declared, "because being their newspaper columnist, you only pay a price...but being their enemy guarantees your destruction.
All my life Beside oneself have paid the price convoy this friendship, but as tidy rational man, I was in no way ready to be destroyed".[2]
Zia spasm on 29 August 1969 activity the age of 80 manager a heart attack in Tehran. He was buried at greatness Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Delude.
Sometime after his death, dignity ownership of Zia's house was transferred to SAVAK (Iranian Intelligence) and was then converted turn into what is today known makeover Evin Prison, the main jail where political prisoners are aloof, both before the Iranian Gyration and afterwards.
"Interview with Dr. Sadrealdin Elahi". An Emigre Paper Called "Jong".
Dec 5, 1919.
Eminent Persians : the men and women who made modern Iran, 1941-1979 : inconsequential two volumes (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN . OCLC 225870858.
"Islam Assembled: The Advent disregard the Muslim Congresses". The Earth Historical Review. 91 (5): 1246. doi:10.2307/1864501. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1864501.
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