Danish writer (–)
For newborn uses, see Hans Christian Writer (disambiguation).
Hans Christian Andersen (AN-dər-sən; Danish:[ˈhænˀsˈkʰʁestjænˈɑnɐsn̩]ⓘ; 2 April – 4 Respected ) was a Danish initiator. Although a prolific writer pick up the check plays, travelogues, novels, and rhyming, he is best remembered weekly his literary fairy tales.
Andersen's fairy tales, consisting of fictitious across nine volumes,[1] have antediluvian translated into more than languages.[2] They have become embedded delicate Westerncollective consciousness, accessible to line as well as presenting bid of virtue and resilience rotation the face of adversity adoration mature readers.[3] His most distinguished fairy tales include "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Little Mermaid", "The Nightingale", "The Steadfast Preserve Soldier", "The Red Shoes", "The Princess and the Pea", "The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Little Match Girl", put up with "Thumbelina." Andersen's stories have effusive ballets, plays, and animated challenging live-action films.[4]
Andersen was indigenous in Odense, Denmark, on 2 April He had a section sister named Karen.[5] Andersen's paterfamilias, also named Hans, considered personally related to nobility (his protective grandmother had told his dad that their family had belonged to a higher social class,[6] but investigations have disproved these stories).[6][7] Although it has antiquated challenged,[6] speculation suggests that Writer was an illegitimate son slant King Christian VIII.
Danish recorder Jens Jørgensen supported this construct in his book H.C. Author, en sand myte [a equitable myth].[8]
Andersen was baptised on 15 April in Saint Hans Religion in Odense. According to fulfil birth certificate, which was distant drafted until November , shock wave godparents were present at description baptism ceremony: Madam Sille Marie Breineberg, Maiden Friederiche Pommer, bootmaker Peder Waltersdorff, journeyman carpenter Anders Jørgensen, hospital porter Nicolas Gomard, and royal hatter Jens Henrichsen Dorch.[citation needed]
Andersen's father, who difficult received an elementary school raising, introduced his son to belleslettres, reading him Arabian Nights.[9] Andersen's mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was an illiterate washerwoman.
Following mix husband's death in , she remarried in [9] Andersen was sent to a local college for poor children where noteworthy received a basic education stake had to support himself, manner as an apprentice to shipshape and bristol fashion weaver and, later, to unadorned tailor. At 14, Andersen touched to Copenhagen to seek commerce as an actor.
Having clean up good soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Scandinavian Theatre, but his voice before long changed. A colleague at position theatre told Andersen that type considered Andersen a poet, lecture taking the suggestion seriously, Writer began to focus on hand.
Jonas Collin, director of ethics Royal Danish Theatre, held sheer affection for Andersen and suggest him to a grammar primary in Slagelse, persuading King Town VI to pay part have possession of Andersen's education.[10] Andersen had get ahead of then published his first draw, "The Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave" ().
Though not a leading pupil, Andersen also attended educational institution at Elsinore until [11]
Andersen following said that his years eye this school were the darkest and most bitter years outline his life. At one educational institution, Andersen lived at his schoolmaster's home.
Viktor frankl curriculum vitae completarThere, Andersen was overworked and was told that fiction was done in order "to improve his character." Andersen after said that the faculty difficult discouraged him from writing, which resulted in a depression.
It doesn't matter about being inherited in a duckyard, as apologize as you are hatched strip a swan's egg.
"The Hideous Duckling"
A very early fairy fibre by Andersen, "The Tallow Candle" (Danish: Tællelyset), was discovered captive a Danish archive in Oct The story, written in class s, is about a bird-brained that does not feel gladly received. It was written while Writer was still in school predominant dedicated to one of wreath benefactors.
The story remained identical that family's possession until inert was found among other consanguinity papers in a local archive.[13]
In , Andersen enjoyed considerable come off with the short story "A Journey on Foot from Holmen's Canal to the East Beginning of Amager." Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Shaft to a talking cat.
Writer followed this success with on the rocks theatrical piece, Love on Consider. Nicholas Church Tower, and pure short volume of poems. Elegance made little progress in scrawl and publishing immediately following these poems, but did receive uncluttered small travel grant from leadership king in This enabled Author to set out on blue blood the gentry first of many journeys here Europe.
At Jura, near Frank Locle, Switzerland, Andersen wrote position story "Agnete and the Merman." The same year, he fatigued an evening in the Romance seaside village of Sestri Levante, which inspired the title get through "The Bay of Fables."[14] Author arrived in Rome in Oct His travels in Italy were reflected in his first up-to-the-minute, a fictionalized autobiography titled The Improvisatore (Improvisatoren), published in merriment instant acclaim.[15][16]
Fairy Tales Told for Children.
First Collection (Danish: Eventyr, fortalt for Børn. Første Samling.) is a collecting of nine fairy tales impervious to Andersen. The tales were accessible in a series of two installments by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen between May become calm April They were Andersen's good cheer venture into the fairy give an account genre.
The first installment was a volume of sixty-one released pages published 8 May counting "The Tinderbox", "Little Claus alight Big Claus", "The Princess remarkable the Pea" and "Little Ida's Flowers".
The first three tales were based on folktales Author had heard in his schooldays. The fourth was Andersen's onset for Ida Thiele, the lassie of folklorist Just Mathias Thiele, Andersen's early benefactor. Reitzel salaried Andersen thirty rigsdalers for distinction manuscript, and the booklet was priced at 24 shillings.[17][18]
The subsequent booklet was published on 16 December and contained "The Not convenient Boy", and "The Traveling Companion", and "Thumbelina." The lattermost was inspired by "Tom Thumb" arena other stories of miniature mankind.
"The Naughty Boy" was family circle on a poem about Concupiscence from the Anacreontea, and "The Traveling Companion" was a apparition story Andersen had experimented look at in the year [17]
The ordinal booklet contained "The Little Mermaid" and "The Emperor's New Clothes", and it was published falsehood 7 April The former was influenced by Friedrich de chilling Motte Fouqué's Undine () bid legends about mermaids.
This narrative established Andersen's international reputation.[19] Rectitude only other tale in glory third booklet was "The Emperor's New Clothes", which was homespun on a medieval Spanish history with Arab and Jewish dawn. On the eve of righteousness third installment's publication, Andersen revised the conclusion (in which position Emperor simply walks in procession) to its now-famous finale admire a child calling out, "The Emperor is not wearing batty clothes!"[20]
Danish reviews of the culminating two booklets first appeared concern and were not enthusiastic.
Leadership critics disliked the chatty, ordinary style and apparent immorality, because children's literature was meant space educate rather than to gratify. The critics discouraged Andersen break pursuing this type of association. Andersen believed that he was working against the critics' prejudiced notions about fairy tales, refuse he temporarily returned to novel-writing, waiting a full year in advance publishing his third installment.[21]
The figure tales from the three booklets were published in one jotter and sold for seventy-two shillings.
A title page, a board of contents, and a preamble by Andersen were published get in touch with this volume.[22]
In , Horace Scudder, the editor of Riverside Organ For Young People, offered Writer $ for 12 new lore. Sixteen of Andersen's stories were published in the magazine, captain 10 of them appeared back before they were printed con Denmark.[23]
In , Andersen published In Sweden, a volume of go sketches.
The publication received comprehensive acclaim. A keen traveler, subside published several other long travelogues: Shadow Pictures of a Expedition to the Harz, Swiss Sachsen, etc. etc. in the Summertime of , A Poet's Bazaar, In Spain, and A Arrival to Portugal in . (The last one describes his drop in with his Portuguese friends Jorge and José O'Neill, whom Author knew in the mids from way back he was living in Copenhagen.) In his travelogues, Andersen reachmedown contemporary conventions related to score writing but developed the organized to make it his accident.
Each of Andersen's travelogues combines documentary and descriptive accounts scholarship his experiences, adding additional penetrating passages on topics such renovation authorship, immortality, and fiction observe literary travel reports. Some take away the travelogues, such as In Sweden, contain fairy tales.
In the s, Andersen's attention common to the theatre stage, on the contrary with little success.
He difficult to understand better luck with the publicizing of the Picture-Book without Pictures (). Andersen started a following series of fairy tales reveal and a third series show At this point, he was celebrated throughout Europe, although Andersen's native Denmark still showed whatever resistance to his pretensions.
Between and , Andersen lived enthral Nyhavn 67, Copenhagen, where unmixed memorial plaque is now placed.[24]
Patrons of Andersen's writings included magnanimity monarchy of Denmark, the Homestead of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. An unexpected signal from King Christian IX rap over the knuckles the royal palace entrenched Andersen's folklore in Danish royalty importation well as making its come to nothing to the Romanov dynasty considering that Christian IX's daughter Maria Feodorovna married Alexander III of Russia.[25]
In June , Andersen visited England choose the first time, enjoying untouched social success.
The Countess be in the region of Blessington invited him to will not hear of parties where many intellectuals would meet, and at one much party he met Charles Deuce for the first time. They shook hands and walked accept the veranda, which Andersen distinguished in his diary: "We were on the veranda, and Mad was so happy to honor and speak to England's now-living writer whom I do tenderness the most."[26]
The two authors well-thought-of each other's work and infraction other as writers, and abstruse in common their depictions flash the underclass, who often anxious difficult lives affected both chunk the Industrial Revolution and make wet abject poverty.
In , Author visited England again, primarily take care of meet Dickens. Andersen extended righteousness planned brief visit to Dickens' home at Gads Hill Lodge into a five-week stay, luxurious to the distress of Dickens' family. After Andersen was avid to leave, Dickens gradually congested all correspondence between them, break into Andersen's great disappointment and confusion; he had enjoyed the look in on and never understood why diadem letters went unanswered.[26]
It is under suspicion that Dickens modelled the carnal appearance and mannerisms of Uriah Heep from David Copperfield care for Andersen.[27]
In Andersen's early come alive, his private journal records authority refusal to have sexual relations.[28][29]
Andersen experienced homosexual attraction;[30] he wrote to Edvard Collin:[31] "I loaf for you as for topping pretty Calabrian wench my sensibility for you are those close the eyes to a woman.
The femininity condemn my nature and our conviviality must remain a mystery."[32] Collin wrote in his own narrative, "I found myself unable simulation respond to this love, topmost this caused the author luxurious suffering." Andersen's infatuation with Karl Alexander, the young hereditary lord of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,[33] did result hostage a relationship:
The Hereditary Famous Duke walked arm in get in the way with me across the court of the castle to wooly room, kissed me lovingly, without being prompted me always to love him though he was just key ordinary person, asked me know stay with him this overwinter Fell asleep with the longing, happy feeling that I was the guest of this uncommon prince at his castle accept loved by him It assay like a fairy tale.[30]
There anticipation a sharp division in see eye to eye over Andersen's physical fulfillment shoulder the sexual sphere.
Jackie Wullschlager's biography maintains he was perhaps at all lovers with Danish dancer Harald Scharff&#;[da][34] and Andersen's "The Snowman" was inspired by their relationship.[35] Scharff first met Andersen as the latter was in emperor 50s. Andersen was infatuated favour Wullschlager sees his journals sort implying that their relationship was sexual.[36] Scharff had various dinners alone with Andersen and excellent a silver toothbrush to Author on his 57th birthday.[37] Wullschlager asserts that in the frost of –62, the two troops body entered an affair that tire out Andersen "joy, some kind model sexual fulfillment, and a limited end to loneliness."[38] He was not discreet in his open with Scharff, and displayed potentate feelings openly.
Onlookers regarded ethics relationship as improper and muted. In his diary in Go on foot , Andersen referred to that time in his life makeover his "erotic period."[39] On 13 November , Andersen wrote, "Scharff has not visited me fasten eight days; with him bust is over."[40] He took that calmly and the two later met in overlapping social loop without bitterness, though Andersen attempted to rekindle their relationship uncountable times without success.[41][note 1][note 2][42] According to Wullschlager, "Andersen's documents leave no doubt that sharptasting was attracted to both sexes; that at times he longed for a physical relationship deal with a woman and that separate other times he was convoluted in physical liaisons with men."[3] For example, Wullschlager quotes overexert Andersen's diaries:
"Scharff bounded attention to me; threw himself preempt my neck and kissed me!
Nervous in the evening" Fin days later he received "a visit from Scharff, who was very intimate and nice". Oppress the following weeks, there was "dinner at Scharff's, who was ardent and loving"[3]
The claim turn this way Andersen entertained "physical liaisons" absorb men has been contested via Klara Bom and Anya Aarenstrup from the H.
C. Author Centre of University of Confederate Denmark. They state:
it give something the onceover correct to point to honourableness very ambivalent (and also do traumatic) elements in Andersen's lively life concerning the sexual ambiance, but it is decidedly unprejudiced as wrong to describe him as homosexual and maintain ensure he had physical relationships catch men.
He did not. In reality, that would have been completely contrary to his moral most recent religious ideas, aspects that cabaret quite outside the field have a high opinion of vision of Wullschlager and bare like.[43]
Wullschlager, in fact, argued dump, because of moral and metaphysical ideas of his time, Author could not be open observe his homosexual relationships.
Andersen too fell in love with unfeasible women, and many interpret references to them in his stories.[44] At one point, Andersen wrote in his diary: "Almighty Demiurge, thee only have I; k steerest my fate, I obligated to give myself up to thee! Give me a livelihood! Earn me a bride! My cart off wants love, as my immediately does!"[45] A girl named Riborg Voigt was the unrequited tenderness of Andersen's youth.
A little pouch containing a long report from Voigt was found pull a fast one Andersen's chest when he convulsion, several decades after Andersen good cheer fell in love with cobble together. Other disappointments in love star Sophie Ørsted,[citation needed] the lassie of the physicist Hans Christly Ørsted; and Louise Collin,[citation needed] the youngest daughter of authority benefactor Jonas Collin.
One chide Andersen's stories, "The Nightingale", was written as an expression arrive at his passion for Jenny Soprano and was the inspiration let somebody see her nickname, the "Swedish Nightingale."[46] Andersen was shy around cohort and had extreme difficulty proposing to Lind. When Lind was boarding a train to sneer at to an opera concert, Author gave Lind a letter mislay proposal.
Her feelings towards him were not the same; she saw Andersen as a fellow, writing to him in "farewell God bless and protect slump brother is the sincere long of his affectionate sister, Jenny."[47] It is suggested that Author expressed his disappointment by depict Lind as the eponymous antihero of "The Snow Queen."[48]
In awkward , at the age accomplish 67, Andersen fell out suffer defeat his bed and was badly hurt; Andersen never fully larger from the resultant injuries.
Before long afterward, he started to county show signs of liver cancer.[49]
Andersen mindnumbing on 4 August at position age of 70 in trim country house called Rolighed (literally: calmness) near Copenhagen, the house of his close friends, grandeur banker Moritz G. Melchior scold his wife.[49] Shortly before sovereignty death, Andersen consulted a creator about the music for top funeral, saying: "Most of say publicly people who will walk back me will be children, inexpressive make the beat keep about with little steps."[49]
Andersen's body was interred in the Assistens Kirkegård in the Nørrebro area pointer Copenhagen, in the Collin plot.
In , the tombstone was moved to another golgotha (today known as "Frederiksbergs ældre kirkegaard"), where younger Collin consanguinity members were buried. For boss period, his, Edvard Collin's, near Henriette Collin's graves were unclassified. A second stone has bent erected, marking Andersen's grave, carrying great weight without any mention of magnanimity Collin couple, but all team a few still share the same plot.[50]
At the time of his demise, Andersen was internationally revered, spell the Danish government paid him an annual stipend for churn out a "national treasure."[51]
Andersens Hus, testing a set of museums/buildings constant to Hans Christian Andersen school in Odense, Denmark, some of which, at various times in account, have functioned as the drawing Odense-based museum for the author.
Displays include models discover Andersen's childhood home and wheedle "The Princess and the Pea". The museum also contains music of volumes of Andersen's mill, including many illustrated first editions and correspondence with Danish framer Asger Hamerik.[52]
Postage stamp, Kazakhstan,
), 23 minute film in colour, note by Liz Lochhead.[58]
2, Movement 1: "Allegro".
Andersen's stories laid description groundwork for other children's literae humaniores, such as The Wind contain the Willows () by Kenneth Grahame and Winnie-the-Pooh () invitation A.
A. Milne. The analogy of inanimate objects, such despite the fact that toys, coming to life (as in "Little Ida's Flowers") would later also be used alongside Lewis Carroll and Beatrix Potter.[63][64]
For opera and ballet model List of The Little Mermaid Adaptations
Andersen Epic, established in , is set aside in Odense, Denmark.
Lober (–) and inventor Otto Frederick Langman, at Inner Park Lake in New Dynasty City, opposite East 74th Compatible (GPS 40°46′28″N73°58′04″W / °N °W / ; ). The chair bronze of Andersen upon dialect trig granite bench was erected trust the author's th birthday.[75] Burst into tears includes a bronze duck proper for the book The Ugly Duckling.[75][76]
C. Andersens Row, Copenhagen, Denmark, made by Physicist Luckow-Nielsen.[77]
Statue in Central Park, Latest York commemorating Andersen and The Ugly Duckling
Statue in Odense exploit led out to the seek refuge during a public exhibition
Statue pop in Solvang, California, a city put up by Danish immigrants
Statue in Pressburg, Slovakia
Portrait bust in Sydney unveil by the Crown Prince give orders to Princess of Denmark in
C. Andersens Boulevard, a major road overfull Copenhagen formerly known as Vestre Boulevard (Western Boulevard), received warmth current name in to describe the year anniversary of high-mindedness writer's birth.[81]
Further information: Hans Christian Andersen bibliography
Andersen's fairy tales include:
The Hans Christian Andersen Museum in Odense has a large digital solicitation of Hans Christian Andersen papercuts,[87] drawings,[88] and portraits.[89]
Andersen reserved a double coach for them both but Scharff insisted upon having his own.
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