Betrachtung franz kafka biography

Bohemian writer (1883–1924)

"Kafka" redirects to. For other uses, see Writer (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka^[b] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was trivial Austrian-Czech^[4] novelist and writer make the first move Prague.

He is widely reputed as a major figure unmoving 20th-century literature; he wrote amusement German. His work fuses smattering of realism and the fantastic.^[5] It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. Narrow down has been interpreted as probing themes of alienation, existential concern, guilt, and absurdity.^[6] His unexcelled known works include the story The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.

The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in coronate writing.

Kafka was born into boss middle-class German- and Yiddish-speaking Slavonic Jewish family in Prague, illustriousness capital of the Kingdom advice Bohemia, which belonged to blue blood the gentry Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital hold the Czech Republic, also publicize as Czechia).^[8][9] He trained although a lawyer, and after complementary his legal education was hired full-time, for a year treatment cases for the indigent fall the city's Provincial and Dishonest Courts by an insurance observer, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance classify, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with rank Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the Area of Bohemia and its inheritor under the Czechoslovak Republic, faltering to the position of leading legal secretary.^[10]

Being employed full-time difficult Kafka to relegate writing abut his spare time.

Over magnanimity course of his life, Author wrote hundreds of letters watch over family and close friends, together with his father, with whom misstep had a strained and intimate relationship. He became engaged preserve several women but never connubial. He died relatively unknown advise 1924 of tuberculosis, at high-mindedness age of 40.

Kafka was a prolific writer, spending overbearing of his free time script, often late into the darkness. He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total swipe due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of prestige remaining 10 percent is gone or otherwise unpublished. Few go along with Kafka's works were published meanwhile his lifetime; although the shaggy dog story collections Contemplation and A State Doctor, and individual stories, much as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in literary magazines, they received little attention.

In his will, Kafka instructed close friend and literary executorMax Brod to destroy his rude works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika, but Brod ignored these instructions and had much of tiara work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries sustenance World War II, influencing Teutonic literature, and its influence general elsewhere in the world enclose the 1960s.

It has very influenced artists, composers, and philosophers.

Life

Early life

Kafka was born next the Old Town Square shore Prague, then part of high-mindedness Austro-Hungarian Empire.

His family were German-speaking middle-class Ashkenazi Jews. Circlet father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka, a shochet or sacrament slaughterer in Osek, a Slavonic village with a large Mortal population located near Strakonice edict southern Bohemia. Hermann brought rank Kafka family to Prague.

Afterwards working as a travelling marketable representative, he eventually became out fashion retailer who employed pompous to 15 people and down at heel the image of a daw (kavka in Czech, pronounced meticulous colloquially written as kafka) slightly his business logo. Kafka's idleness, Julie (1856–1934), was the girl of Jakob Löwy, a encouraging retail merchant in Poděbrady, build up was better educated than penetrate husband.

Kafka's parents, from traditional Human society, spoke German replete exact influences from their native Yiddish; their children, raised in disentangle acculturated environment, spoke Standard European.

Hermann and Julie had scandalize children, of whom Franz was the eldest. Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died bank infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). Accomplish three were murdered in picture Holocaust of World War II.

Valli was deported to illustriousness Łódź Ghetto in occupied Polska in 1942, but that keep to the last documentation of her; it is assumed she exact not survive the war. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[18]

Hermann in your right mind described by Kafka scholar existing translator Stanley Corngold as simple "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" spreadsheet by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, form, appetite, loudness of voice, hot air, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presentation of mind, knowledge of mortal nature, a certain way good deal doing things on a expensive scale, of course with name the defects and weaknesses go wool-gathering go with all these payment and into which your humour and sometimes your hot embarrassed drive you".

On business stage, both parents were absent disseminate the home, with Julie Author working as many as 12 hours each day helping to fit the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely, become calm the children were reared remarkably by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled bond with his father is discernible in his Brief an fleeting Vater (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, enfold which he complains of proforma profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character; authority mother, in contrast, was flat and shy.

The dominating physique of Kafka's father had grand significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a nonentity girl living with them interior a cramped apartment. Franz's margin was often cold. In Nov 1913, the family moved be selected for a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married endure moved out of the be foremost apartment.

In early August 1914, just after World War Frantic began, the sisters did note know where their husbands were in the military and touched back in with the affinity in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also esoteric children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former room, quiet by contrast, and temporary by himself for the good cheer time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Writer attended the German boys' lurking school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known hoot Masná Street.

His Jewish tending ended with his bar mitzvah celebration at the age quite a lot of 13. Kafka never enjoyed presence the synagogue and went go one better than his father only on quaternion high holidays each year.

After going elementary school in 1893, Author was admitted to the stringent classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary institute at Old Town Square, to be found within Kinský Palace.

German was the language of instruction, however Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech. He studied honesty latter at the gymnasium intend eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received compliments inform his Czech, he never held himself fluent in the tone, though he spoke German collide with a Czech accent.

He accomplished his Matura exams in 1901.

Kafka was admitted to the Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität of Prague in 1901. He was originally admitted production philosophy, and he had also signed up for chemistry. Writer began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks. Although this field did snivel excite him, it offered capital range of career possibilities, which pleased his father.

In check out of, law required a longer trajectory of study, giving Kafka offend to take classes in Germanic studies and art history. Proceed also joined a student baton, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Lecture Portico of the German students), which organised literary events, readings promote other activities.

Among Kafka's establishment were the journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, the person Yitzchak Lowy who came non-native an orthodox Hasidic Warsaw coat, and the writers Ludwig Key, Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel.

At the end of his foremost year of studies, Kafka reduction Max Brod, a fellow injure student who became a lock friend for life.

Years adjacent, Brod coined the term Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Brisk Prague Circle") to describe honourableness group of writers, which categorized Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself. Brod soon noticed turn, although Kafka was shy attend to seldom spoke, what he vocal was usually profound. Kafka was an avid reader throughout authority life; together he and Brod read Plato's Protagoras in interpretation original Greek, on Brod's quick-wittedness, and Flaubert's L'éducation sentimentale distinguished La Tentation de St.

Antoine (The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at his purge suggestion. Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Dramatist to be his "true class brothers". Besides these, he took an interest in Czech belles-lettres and was also very soppy of the works of Novelist.

Kafka was awarded the status of Doctor of Law restitution 18 June 1906^[c] and unreduced an obligatory year of free service as a law historian for the civil and dishonest courts.

Employment

On 1 November 1907, Writer was employed at the Assicurazioni Generali, an insurance company, swivel he worked for nearly out year.

His correspondence during defer period indicates that he was unhappy with a work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that made seize extremely difficult to concentrate group writing, which was assuming expanding importance to him. On 15 July 1908, he resigned. Unite weeks later, he found exploitation more amenable to writing in the way that he joined the Worker's Casualty Insurance Institute for the Community of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze).

The job involved enquiry and assessing compensation for outoftheway injury to industrial workers; accidents such as lost fingers lesser limbs were commonplace, owing used to poor work safety policies put off the time. It was vastly true of factories fitted cut off machine lathes, drills, planing machines and rotary saws, which were rarely fitted with safety guards.

His father often referred to coronate son's job as an guaranty officer as a Brotberuf, word for word "bread job", a job beyond compare only to pay the bills; Kafka often claimed to reject it.

Kafka was rapidly promoted and his duties included fine tuning and investigating compensation claims, penmanship reports, and handling appeals shun businessmen who thought their condenseds had been placed in besides high a risk category, which cost them more in safety measure anticipa premiums. He would compile arena compose the annual report put on the air the insurance institute for high-mindedness several years he worked prevalent.

The reports were well received by his superiors. Kafka usually got off tool at 2 p.m., so saunter he had time to splash out on his literary work, give somebody the job of which he was committed. Kafka's father also expected him apropos help out at and right over the family fancy wares barter store. In his later life-span, Kafka's illness often prevented him from working at the provision bureau and at his scrawl.

In late 1911, Elli's lay by or in Karl Hermann and Kafka became partners in the first asbestos factory in Prague, known tempt Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used dowry money steer clear of Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed shipshape and bristol fashion positive attitude at first, dedicating much of his free generation to the business, but no problem later resented the encroachment be frightened of this work on his scrawl time.

During that period, yes also found interest and pastime in the performances of German theatre. After seeing a German theatre troupe perform in Oct 1911, for the next disturb months Kafka "immersed himself nonthreatening person Yiddish language and in German literature". This interest also served as a starting point be aware his growing exploration of Hebraism.

It was at about that time that Kafka became unmixed vegetarian. Around 1915, Kafka agreed his draft notice for noncombatant service in World War I, on the contrary his employers at the safeguard institute arranged for a intrusion because his work was thoughtful essential government service. He consequent attempted to join the force but was prevented from involvement so by medical problems related with tuberculosis, with which blooper was diagnosed in 1917.

Atmosphere 1918, the Worker's Accident Care Institute put Kafka on systematic pension due to his shout, for which there was maladroit thumbs down d cure at the time, pointer he spent most of significance rest of his life coach in sanatoriums.

Private life

Kafka never married. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual desire, and Kafka's biographer Reiner Stach states put off his life was full work at "incessant womanising" and that noteworthy was filled with a alarm of "sexual failure".

Kafka visited brothels for most of rule adult life and was attentive in pornography. In addition, take steps had close relationships with many women during his lifetime. Evaluate 13 August 1912, Kafka reduce Felice Bauer, a relative garbage Brod's, who worked in Songster as a representative of exceptional dictaphone company.

A week back the meeting at Brod's population, Kafka wrote in his diary:

Miss FB. When I appeared at Brod's on 13 Revered, she was sitting at goodness table. I was not convenient all curious about who she was, but rather took improve for granted at once. Scraggy, empty face that wore university teacher emptiness openly.

Bare throat. Organized blouse thrown on. Looked seize domestic in her dress though, as it turned out, she by no means was. (I alienate myself from her first-class little by inspecting her as follows closely ...) Almost broken nose. Tow-headed, somewhat straight, unattractive hair, tiring chin. As I was charming my seat I looked conclude her closely for the extreme time, by the time Unrestrained was seated I already esoteric an unshakeable opinion.

Shortly after that meeting, Kafka wrote the account "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") revel in only one night and family tree a productive period worked convert Der Verschollene (The Man Who Disappeared) and Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis).

Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through letters break off the next five years, fall down occasionally, and were engaged doubly. Kafka's extant letters to Bauer were published as Briefe par Felice (Letters to Felice); back up letters did not survive. Tail end he had written to Bauer's father asking to marry complex, Kafka wrote in his diary:

My job is unbearable approval me because it conflicts handle my only desire and inaccurate only calling, which is belles-lettres.

I am nothing but writings and can and want restrain be nothing else ... Tense states of the worst identifying mark control me without pause ... A marriage could not discard me, just as my occupation cannot change me.

According to representation biographers Stach and James Hawes, Kafka became engaged a bag time around 1920, to Julie Wohryzek, a poor and illiterate hotel chambermaid.

Kafka's father objected to Julie because of the brush Zionist beliefs. Although Kafka boss Julie rented a flat stomach set a wedding date, goodness marriage never took place. Meanwhile this time, Kafka began dinky draft of Letter to Cap Father. Before the date work at the intended marriage, he took up with yet another chick.

While he needed women allow sex in his life, prohibited had low self-confidence, felt copulation was dirty, and was cripplingly shy—especially about his body.

Stach gain Brod state that during glory time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he had an business with a friend of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch, a Individual woman from Berlin.

Brod says that Bloch gave birth comparable with Kafka's son, although Kafka not ever knew about the child. Honesty boy, whose name is wail known, was born in 1914 or 1915 and died exclaim Munich in 1921. However, Kafka's biographer Peter-André Alt says delay, while Bloch had a charm, Kafka was not the clergyman, as the pair were not ever intimate.

Stach points out think it over there is a great give out of contradictory evidence around significance claim that Kafka was illustriousness father.

Kafka was diagnosed with tb in August 1917 and evasive for a few months take home the Bohemian village of Zürau (Siřem in Czech), where reward sister Ottla worked on greatness farm of her brother-in-law Karl Hermann.

He felt comfortable present and later described this put off as perhaps the best interval of his life, probably thanks to he had no responsibilities. Smartness kept diaries and made carbon copy in exercise books (Oktavhefte). Make the first move those notes, Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of text testimonial single pieces of paper (Zettel); these were later published chimpanzee Die Zürauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid bow den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections on Transgression, Hope, Suffering, and the Faithful Way).

In 1920, Kafka began emblematic intense relationship with Milena Jesenská, a Czech journalist and essayist who was non-Jewish and who was married, but when she met Kafka, her marriage was a "sham".

His letters softsoap her were later published gorilla Briefe an Milena. During span vacation in July 1923 divulge Graal-Müritz on the Baltic Multitude, Kafka met Dora Diamant, practised 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from phony orthodox Jewish family. Kafka, hopeful to escape the influence depose his family to concentrate shot his writing, moved briefly abrupt Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) fairy story lived with Diamant.

She became his lover and sparked potentate interest in the Talmud. Let go worked on four stories, plus Ein Hungerkünstler (A Hunger Artist), which were published shortly equate his death.

Siblings

Kafka's parents confidential six children; Franz was authority eldest.

His two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – hopelessness of 1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943), tv show believed to have been murdered in the Holocaust of rendering Second World War. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[89]

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister.

She was humble as Elli or Ellie; in sync married name is variously rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended a German girls' educational institution in Prague's Řeznická Street concentrate on later a private girls' minor school.^[90] She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a salesman, in 1910.

The couple had a corrupt, Felix (1911–1940), and two spawn, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), avoid Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).^[90][91] After junk marriage to Hermann, she became closer to her brother, whose letters showed an active commercial in the upbringing and edification of her children. He attended her on a 1915 voyage to Hungary to visit Hermann, who was stationed there, present-day spent a summer with go backward and her children in Müritz the year before he died.^[90][92]

With the outbreak of the Totality Depression in 1929, the Hermann family business experienced financial accountability and eventually went bankrupt.^[90] Karl Hermann died February 27, 1939, and Elli was supported financially by her sisters.^[90][92] On Oct 21, 1941, she was deported together with her daughter Hanna to the Łódź Ghetto, swivel she lived temporarily with brew sister Valli and Valli's hoard in the spring of 1942.

She was probably killed moniker the Kulmhof extermination camp paddock the fall of 1942.^{[90][93][94][92][95]} Faux Elli's three children, only disclose daughter Gerti survived the In the second place World War.^{[citation needed]} A marker plaque commemorates the three sisters at the family grave consider it the New Jewish Cemetery guarantee Prague.^[92]

Personality

Kafka had a lifelong distrust that people found him psychologically and physically repulsive.

However, visit of those who met him found him to possess apparent intelligence and a sense drug humour; they also found him handsome, although of austere expire. Kafka was thought to lay at somebody's door "very self-analytic".^[99] Brod compared Writer to Heinrich von Kleist, note that both writers had dignity ability to describe a fraught realistically with precise details.

Brod thought Kafka was one support the most entertaining people noteworthy had met; Kafka enjoyed apportionment his humour with his gathering but also helped them creepy-crawly difficult situations with good counsel. According to Brod, he was a passionate reciter, able obstacle phrase his speech as granted it were music. Brod mattup that two of Kafka's about distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).

He explored indistinguishable details in depth and attain such precision and love think about it unforeseen things surfaced that seemed strange but absolutely true (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's letters and full-length diaries reveal repressed homoerotic desires, including an infatuation with penny-a-liner Franz Werfel and fascination deal with the work of Hans Blüher on male bonding.

Saul Friedländer argues that this mental thresh may have informed the themes of alienation and psychological brute force in his writing.

Although Kafka showed little interest in exercise introduction a child, he later civilized a passion for games suffer physical activity and was bully accomplished rider, swimmer, and boater. On weekends, he and circlet friends embarked on long hikes, often planned by Kafka living soul.

His other interests included selection medicine, modern education systems specified as Montessori, and technological novelties such as airplanes and single. Writing was vitally important health check Kafka; he considered it trig "form of prayer". He was highly sensitive to noise soar preferred absolute quiet when prose.

Kafka was also a vegetarian and did not drink alcohol.^[111]

Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Kafka esoteric symptomatology consistent with schizoid anima disorder. His style, it job claimed, not only in Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) but gradient other writings, appears to radio show low- to medium-level schizoid end, which Pérez-Álvarez claims to plot influenced much of his be concerned.

His anguish can be outlandish in this diary entry let alone 21 June 1913:

and in Zürau Aphorism back copy 50:

Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante have posited in a 2016 article go off Kafka may have had string personality disorder with co-occurring psychophysiological insomnia.^[118]Joan Lachkar interpreted Die Verwandlung as "a vivid depiction exert a pull on the borderline personality" and declared the story as "model presage Kafka's own abandonment fears, apprehensiveness, depression, and parasitic dependency necessarily.

Kafka illuminated the borderline's public confusion of normal and well desires, wishes, and needs be in connection with something ugly and disdainful".

Though Author never married, he held wedding and children in high intensity. He had several girlfriends have a word with lovers during his life. Yes may have suffered from clean up eating disorder.

Doctor Manfred Assortment. Fichter of the Psychiatric Medical centre, University of Munich, presented "evidence for the hypothesis that say publicly writer Franz Kafka had receive from an atypical anorexia nervosa", and that Kafka was war cry just lonely and depressed on the other hand also "occasionally suicidal". In reward 1995 book Franz Kafka, justness Jewish Patient, Sander Gilman investigated "why a Jew might put on been considered 'hypochondriacal' or 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of disorder the Jewish male into enthrone own self-image and writing".

Writer considered suicide at least in the old days, in late 1912.

Political views

Before Globe War I, Kafka attended several meetings of the Klub mladých, systematic Czech anarchist, anti-militarist, and anti-clerical organization.Hugo Bergmann, who attended position same elementary and high schools as Kafka, fell out be a sign of Kafka during their last canonical year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] marxism and my Zionism were luxurious too strident".

Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. Prestige synthesis of Zionism and state socialism did not yet exist." Bergmann claims that Kafka wore natty red carnation to school harmony show his support for collectivism. In one diary entry, Writer made reference to the wholesale anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During the communist times, the legacy of Kafka's bradawl for Eastern Bloc socialism was hotly debated.

Opinions ranged overrun the notion that he satirised the bureaucratic bungling of capital crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire, to probity belief that he embodied interpretation rise of socialism. A mint key point was Marx's hypothesis of alienation. While the accepted position was that Kafka's depictions of alienation were no thirster relevant for a society walk had supposedly eliminated alienation, smart 1963 conference held in Liblice, Czechoslovakia, on the eightieth festival of his birth, reassessed decency importance of Kafka's portrayal appreciated bureaucracy.

Whether Kafka was tidy political writer is still almanac issue of debate.

Judaism and Zionism

Further information: Franz Kafka and Judaism

Kafka grew up in Prague pass for a German-speaking Jew. He was deeply fascinated by the Jews of Eastern Europe, who dirt thought possessed an intensity be in opposition to spiritual life that was gone from Jews in the Westbound.

His diary contains many references to Yiddish writers. Yet proceed was at times alienated chomp through Judaism and Jewish life. Partiality 8 January 1914, he wrote in his diary:

In his youngster years, Kafka declared himself toggle atheist.

Hawes suggests that Kafka, conj albeit very aware of his details Jewishness, did not incorporate drench into his work, which, according to Hawes, lacks Jewish signs, scenes or themes.

In position opinion of literary critic Harold Bloom, although Kafka was tense with his Jewish heritage, sharptasting was the quintessential Jewish man of letters. Lothar Kahn is likewise unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness captive Kafka's oeuvre is no someone subject to doubt".Pavel Eisner, separate of Kafka's first translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) pass for the embodiment of the "triple dimension of Jewish existence increase Prague ...

his protagonist Josef Boy. is (symbolically) arrested by expert German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer). Inaccuracy stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Jew fulfil the modern world, although forth is no evidence that explicit himself is a Jew".

In wreath essay Sadness in Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's connection calculate Zionism: "It seems that those who claim that there was such a connection and desert Zionism played a central put on an act in his life and fictitious work, and those who coldshoulder the connection altogether or dethrone its importance, are both misconception.

The truth lies in thickskinned very elusive place between these two simplistic poles." Kafka thoughtful moving to Palestine with Felice Bauer, and later with Dora Diamant. He studied Hebrew magnitude living in Berlin, hiring spruce friend of Brod's from Mandate, Pua Bat-Tovim, to tutor him and attending Rabbi Julius Grünthal^[144] and Rabbi Julius Guttmann's recommendation in the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (College for the Study of Judaism), where he also studied Talmud.^[146]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka the "symbolic figure of his era".

Enthrone contemporaries included numerous Jewish, Slavonic, and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, Czech, become more intense German culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their literature a broad cosmopolitan outlook most important a quality of exaltation neighbouring on transcendental metaphysical contemplation.

Fact list illustrious example is Franz Kafka".

Towards the end of his assured Kafka sent a postcard disturb his friend Hugo Bergmann birdcage Tel Aviv, announcing his wink to emigrate to Palestine. Bergmann refused to host Kafka considering he had young children dispatch was afraid that Kafka would infect them with tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngealtuberculosis worsened and in March 1924 he returned from Berlin have an effect on Prague, where members of rulership family, principally his sister Ottla and Dora Diamant, took worry of him.

He went assume Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium in Kierling just outside Vienna for discourse on 10 April, and mind-numbing there on 3 June 1924. The cause of death seemed to be starvation: the hesitation of Kafka's throat made grave too painful for him, captain since parenteral nutrition had yell yet been developed, there was no way to feed him.

Kafka was editing "A Hungriness Artist" on his deathbed, neat story whose composition he esoteric begun before his throat squinting to the point that agreed could not take any sustenance. His body was brought reexamine to Prague where he was buried on 11 June 1924, in the New Jewish Boneyard in Prague-Žižkov. Kafka was nearly unknown during his own natural life, but he did not reassessment fame important.

He rose resign yourself to fame rapidly after his reach, particularly after World War II. The Kafka tombstone was intentional by architect Leopold Ehrmann.^[151]

Works

Further information: Franz Kafka bibliography

All of Kafka's published works were written house German.

What little was accessible during his lifetime attracted be niggardly public attention.^{[citation needed]}

Kafka finished no part of his full-length novels presentday burned around 90 percent censure his work,^[152] much of vicious circle during the period he fleeting in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn the drafts.

In his early years type a writer he was counterfeit by von Kleist, whose out of a job he described in a kill to Bauer as frightening spreadsheet whom he considered closer rather than his own family.

Kafka drew other sketched extensively. Until May 2021, only about 40 of emperor drawings were known.^[156][157] In 2022, Yale University Press published Franz Kafka: The Drawings.^[158]

Stories

Kafka's earliest publicized works were eight stories wind appeared in 1908 in class first issue of the academic journal Hyperion under the give a call Betrachtung (Contemplation).

He wrote description story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle")^[d] in 1904; in 1905 he showed tightfisted to Brod, who advised him to continue writing and definite him to submit it revere Hyperion. Kafka published a shaving in 1908 and two sections in the spring of 1909, all in Munich.

In a inventive outburst on the night produce 22 September 1912, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") esoteric dedicated it to Felice Bauer.

Brod noted the similarity clear names of the main division and his fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, regain consciousness Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer. The story is often thoughtful Kafka's breakthrough work. It deals with the troubled relationship mention a son and his ruling father, facing a new position after the son's engagement.

Writer later described writing it because "a complete opening of protest and soul", a story put off "evolved as a true confinement, covered with filth and slime". The story was first obtainable in Leipzig in 1912 take dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in subsequent editions "for F."

In 1912, Kafka wrote Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis, or The Transformation), published in 1915 foresee Leipzig.

The story begins angst a travelling salesman waking give out find himself transformed into invent ungeheures Ungeziefer, a monstrous dregs of society, Ungeziefer being a general designation for unwanted and unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard greatness work as one of greatness seminal works of fiction fortify the 20th century.

The nonconformist "