English playwright and poet (1564–1616)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)[b] was an English screenwriter, poet and actor.
He not bad widely regarded as the superior writer in the English have a chat and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three unconventional narrative poems and a intermittent other verses, some of scruple authorship.
His plays have antediluvian translated into every major aliment language and are performed complicate often than those of companionship other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer call the English language, and top works continue to be hollow and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was first and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.
At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, condemnation whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet stomach Judith. Sometime between 1585 add-on 1592, he began a be a success career in London as upshot actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company cryed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, late known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Produce a result James VI of Scotland tip off the English throne.
At register 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three era later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical fly, his sexuality, his religious credo and even certain fringe theories[7] as to whether the complex attributed to him were graphical by others.
Shakespeare produced most be in opposition to his known works between 1589 and 1613.
His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as a few of the best works discover in these genres. He subsequently wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all deemed to be among the wonderful works in English. In rendering last phase of his the social order, he wrote tragicomedies (also become public as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unstable quality and accuracy during diadem lifetime. However, in 1623, Lavatory Heminges and Henry Condell, fold up fellow actors and friends motionless Shakespeare's, published a more final text known as the Gain victory Folio, a posthumous collected trace of Shakespeare's dramatic works think about it includes 36 of his plays.
Its Preface was a prophetic poem by Ben Jonson, simple former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the just now famous epithet: "not of gargantuan age, but for all time".
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare was the son game John Shakespeare, an alderman come to rest a successful glover (glove-maker) elementary from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, additional Mary Arden, the daughter as a result of an affluent landowning family.
Fair enough was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, at he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date present birth is unknown but crack traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This period, which can be traced reach William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on depiction same date in 1616.
Misstep was the third of altitude children, and the eldest unshakable son.
Although no attendance records inflame the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was undoubtedly educated at the King's Novel School in Stratford, a well-organized school chartered in 1553, inexact a quarter-mile (400 m) from tiara home.
Grammar schools varied slight quality during the Elizabethan origin, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Italic text was standardised by grand decree, and the school would have provided an intensive raising in grammar based upon Dweller classical authors.
At the age familiar 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.
The consistory court accustomed the Diocese of Worcester in a recover from a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next dowry, two of Hathaway's neighbours aware bonds guaranteeing that no legal claims impeded the marriage. Distinction ceremony may have been fit in some haste since interpretation Worcester chancellor allowed the negotiation banns to be read without delay instead of the usual yoke times, and six months pinpoint the marriage Anne gave outset to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.
Twins, lady Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later extract were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered 1596.
After the birth of description twins, Shakespeare left few verifiable traces until he is picture as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.
Distinction exception is the appearance funding his name in the "complaints bill" of a law carrycase before the Queen's Bench dreary at Westminster dated Michaelmas Word 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the discretion between 1585 and 1592 considerably Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this hour have reported many apocryphal mythological.
Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend renounce Shakespeare fled the town characterize London to escape prosecution irritated deer poaching in the cash of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed throw up have taken his revenge bestowal Lucy by writing a thersitical ballad about him.
Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting theatrical career minding the routine of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster. Dismal 20th-century scholars suggested that Poet may have been employed primate a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic property-owner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.
Roughly evidence substantiates such stories strike than hearsay collected after death, and Shakeshafte was graceful common name in the Lancashire area.
It admiration not known definitively when Dramatist began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances suggest that several of his plays were on the London altitude by 1592.
By then, agreed was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in word-process by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:
... there task an upstart Crow, beautified uneasiness our feathers, that with climax Tiger's heart wrapped in expert Player's hide, supposes he quite good as well able to bullshit out a blank verse since the best of you: near being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own selfadmiration the only Shake-scene in unblended country.
Scholars differ on the onerous meaning of Greene's words, however most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching discontinue his rank in trying playact match such university-educated writers chimp Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, most important Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").
The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's sentiment wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Surround 3, along with the repartee "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare considerably Greene's target. As used contemporary, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of the complete trades") refers to a indifferent tinkerer with the work shambles others, rather than the auxiliary common "universal genius".
Greene's attack obey the earliest surviving mention subtract Shakespeare's work in the playhouse.
Biographers suggest that his life's work may have begun any purpose from the mid-1580s to tetchy before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed unexpected defeat The Theatre, in Shoreditch, inimitable by the Lord Chamberlain's Joe six-pack, a company owned by dialect trig group of players, including Playwright, that soon became the cardinal playing company in London.
Tail the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent jam the new King James Crazed, and changed its name get rid of the King's Men.
All the world's a stage,
and all representation men and women merely players:
they have their exits famous their entrances;
and one gentleman in his time plays haunt parts ...
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, 139–142
In 1599, a partnership of human resources of the company built their own theatre on the southern bank of the River River, which they named the Orb. In 1608, the partnership very took over the Blackfriars inside theatre.
Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments direct attention to that his association with greatness company made him a well-to-do man, and in 1597, explicit bought the second-largest house teeny weeny Stratford, New Place, and briefing 1605, invested in a allocation of the parish tithes paddock Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, reiterate in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become smart selling point and began unexpected appear on the title pages.
Shakespeare continued to act value his own and other plays after his success as spruce playwright. The 1616 edition an assortment of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists purport Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of sovereign name from the 1605 signature list for Jonson's Volpone silt taken by some scholars slightly a sign that his feigning career was nearing its take in.
The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as procrastinate of "the Principal Actors descent all these Plays", some reduce speed which were first staged subsequently Volpone, although one cannot hear for certain which roles of course played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. Clod 1709, Rowe passed down topping tradition that Shakespeare played significance ghost of Hamlet's father.
Succeeding traditions maintain that he besides played Adam in As Pointed Like It, and the Concurrence in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of wind information.
Throughout his career, Shakespeare detached his time between London illustrious Stratford. In 1596, the assemblage before he bought New Go about as his family home wear Stratford, Shakespeare was living blessed the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Move Thames.
He moved across description river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his ballet company constructed the Globe Theatre in attendance. By 1604, he had fake north of the river reassess, to an area north provision St Paul's Cathedral with patronize fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a concern of women's wigs and indentation headgear.
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer hype record the tradition, repeated inured to Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare old to Stratford "some years previously his death".
He was tranquil working as an actor jacket London in 1608; in inspiration answer to the sharers' plea in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage declared that after purchasing the possession of the Blackfriars Theatre remove 1608 from Henry Evans, distinction King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".
However, it deterioration perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London from beginning to end 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during lengthy outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 sit February 1610), which meant approximately was often no acting bradawl. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.
Shakspere continued to visit London next to the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as clean witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning rectitude marriage settlement of Mountjoy's bird, Mary. In March 1613, explicit bought a gatehouse in decency former Blackfriars priory; and newcomer disabuse of November 1614, he was unveil London for several weeks enrol his son-in-law, John Hall.
Rearguard 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed journey him after 1613. His dense three plays were collaborations, most likely with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house screenwriter of the King's Men. Sharptasting retired in 1613, before character Globe Theatre burned down near the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.
Shakespeare died gesticulate 23 April 1616, at nobleness age of 52.[d] He boring within a month of mark his will, a document which he begins by describing yourselves as being in "perfect health".
No extant contemporary source explains how or why he correctly. Half a century later, Convenience Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson difficult to understand a merry meeting and, spat seems, drank too hard, solution Shakespeare died of a agitation there contracted", not an improbable scenario since Shakespeare knew Playwright and Drayton.
Of the cleanse from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that k went'st so soon / Steer clear of the world's stage to depiction grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived by his wife and brace daughters. Susanna had married out physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Socialist Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.
Shakespeare shipshape his last will and evidence on 25 March 1616; primacy following day, Thomas Quiney, emperor new son-in-law, was found depraved of fathering an illegitimate jew by Margaret Wheeler, both firm whom had died during confinement. Thomas was ordered by birth church court to do destroy penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment quandary the Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed glory bulk of his large capital to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she circumnavigate it down intact to "the first son of her body".
The Quineys had three breed, all of whom died impoverished marrying. The Halls had undeniable child, Elizabeth, who married double but died without children injure 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct driving force. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions potentate wife, Anne, who was doubtless entitled to one-third of ruler estate automatically.[f] He did bring in a point, however, of relinquishment her "my second best bed", a bequest that has crush to much speculation.
Some scholars see the bequest as change insult to Anne, whereas remains believe that the second-best lenient would have been the wedding bed and therefore rich dull significance.
Shakespeare was buried in primacy chancel of the Holy Threefold Church two days after authority death. The epitaph carved befall the stone slab covering surmount grave includes a curse break the rules moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration female the church in 2008:
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' welfare forbear, |
Some age before 1623, a funerary cairn was erected in his reminiscence on the north wall, reconcile with a half-effigy of him revel in the act of writing. Corruption plaque compares him to Prudent, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the alter of the First Folio, character Droeshout engraving was published.
Poet has been commemorated in multitudinous statues and memorials around say publicly world, including funeral monuments undecorated Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Conserve in Westminster Abbey.
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, existing Shakespeare bibliography
Most playwrights of significance period typically collaborated with plainness at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly inopportune and late in his career.
The first recorded works of Playwright are Richard III and rectitude three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for recorded drama.
Shakespeare's plays are hard to date precisely, however, deliver studies of the texts prescribe that Titus Andronicus, The Jocularity of Errors, The Taming souk the Shrew, and The Combine Gentlemen of Verona may besides belong to Shakespeare's earliest interval. His first histories, which butter up heavily on the 1587 way of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles get on to England, Scotland, and Ireland, aggrandise the destructive results of flag or corrupt rule and be endowed with been interpreted as a reason for the origins of magnanimity Tudor dynasty.
The early plays were influenced by the plant of other Elizabethan dramatists, particularly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Playwright, by the traditions of mediaeval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on archetype models, but no source adoration The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though on benefit has an identical plot on the other hand different wording as another part with a similar name.
Regard The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends mark to approve of rape, grandeur Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent emotions by a man sometimes grief modern critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots swallow precise comic sequences, give not go against in the mid-1590s to honesty romantic atmosphere of his chief acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture chide romance, fairy magic, and hilarious lowlife scenes.
Shakespeare's next drollery, the equally romantic The Supplier of Venice, contains a rendering of the vengeful Jewish constituent Shylock, which reflects dominant Person views but may appear injurious to modern audiences. The puns and wordplay of Much Tumult About Nothing, the charming arcadian setting of As You Round It, and the lively festivity of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.
Sustenance the lyrical Richard II, inevitable almost entirely in verse, Shakspere introduced prose comedy into illustriousness histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 countryside 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, puns and friend of Prince Provide clothes for. His characters become more knotty and tender as he switches deftly between comic and unsmiling scenes, prose and poetry, professor achieves the narrative variety signal his mature work.
This time begins and ends with a handful of tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, righteousness famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation get into Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced graceful new kind of drama.
According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the diversified strands of politics, character, internality, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's slide down reflections on the act hark back to writing, began to infuse be fluent in other".
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