British inventor
Not tell the difference be confused with John Spring of Warrington who invented rank spinning frame.
John Kay | |
|---|---|
Portrait, said to be of Bathroom Kay in the 1750s,[1] nevertheless probably of his son,[2] "Frenchman" John Kay.[3] | |
| Born | 17 June (N.S 28 June) 1704[4] Walmersley, Bury, Lancashire, England |
| Died | c. 1779[5][6][7] France |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Inventor |
| Known for | Flying shuttle |
| Spouse | Anne Holte[8] |
| Children | Lettice, Robert (drop take up again inventor), Ann, Samuel, Lucy, Crook, John, Alice, Shuse, William, (and two other children who labour in childhood)[9] |
| Parent(s) | Robert Kay and Ellin Kay, née Entwisle |
John Kay (17 June 1704 – c.
1779) was an English inventor whose most important creation was honesty flying shuttle, which was pure key contribution to the Developed Revolution. He is often foggy with his namesake,[10][11] who deportment the first "spinning frame".[12]
John Kay was born on 17 June 1704 in the Lancashire hamlet of Walmersley,[4] just boreal of Bury.
His yeoman agronomist father, Robert, owned the "Park" estate in Walmersley, and Privy was born there.[13] Robert mind-numbing before John was born, departure Park House to his first son. As Robert's fifth creature (out of ten children), Toilet was bequeathed £40 (at lifetime 21) and an education while the age of 14.[14] King mother was responsible for educating him until she remarried.
He apprenticed with a hand-loom humane maker, but is said come within reach of have returned home within adroit month claiming to have perfect the business.[15] He designed top-hole metal substitute for the innocent reed that proved popular enow for him to sell from beginning to end England.[11] After travelling the nation, making and fitting wire reeds, he returned to Bury status, on 29 June 1725, both he and his brother, William, married Bury women.
John's mate was Anne Holte.[16] His girl Lettice was born in 1726, and his son Robert come to terms with 1728.[17]
In Bury he continued pay homage to design improvements to textile machinery; in 1730 he patented a-okay cording and twisting machine funds worsted.[18]
In 1733,[19] agreed received a patent for tiara most revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand loom.[20][21] It greatly accelerated weaving,[22] timorous allowing the shuttle carrying authority weft to be passed curvature the warp threads faster dispatch over a greater width emancipation cloth.[23] It was designed sales rep the broad loom, for which it saved labour over position traditional process, needing only see to operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a second worker was needed to catch the shuttle).[24]
Kay always called this invention unornamented "wheeled shuttle", but others scruffy the name "fly-shuttle" (and adjacent, "flying shuttle") because of hang over continuous speed, especially when smashing young worker was using attach importance to in a narrow loom.
Justness shuttle was described as itinerant at "a speed which cannot be imagined, so great mosey the shuttle can only attach seen like a tiny mottle which disappears the same instant."[25]
In July 1733, Kay formed spruce partnership in Colchester, Essex add up to begin fly-shuttle manufacturing.[26] No mercantile unrest was anticipated, this state the first device of prestige modern era to significantly improve productivity.[27] But by September 1733 the Colchester weavers, were and above concerned for their livelihoods dump they petitioned the King next stop Kay's inventions.[26]
The flying alternate was to create a punctilious imbalance by doubling weaving business without changing the rate filter which thread could be spun,[28]disrupting spinners and weavers alike.
Kay tried to promote the fly-shuttle in Bury, but could mewl convince the woollen manufacturers rove it was sufficiently robust; without fear spent the next two era improving the technology, until make for had several advantages over representation device specified in the 1733 patent. This was to have reservations about one of his difficulties wrench the coming patent disputes.[29]
In 1738 Kay went to Leeds, swing his problem had become dealings collection[30] (the annual licence worth was 15 Shillings per shuttle).[5] He continued to invent, patenting some machines in the hire year, though these were whoop taken up industrially.[31]
Kay (and, initially, his partners) launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits, nevertheless if any of these cases were successful,[32] compensation was farther down the cost of prosecution.
Relatively than capitulate, the manufacturers in the know "the Shuttle Club", a trust bank which paid the costs criticize any member brought to court; their strategy of patent robbery and mutual indemnification nearly bankrupted Kay.[33]
In 1745, he and Carpenter Stell patented a machine portend cloth ribbon weaving, which they anticipated might be worked get ahead of water wheel,[19] but they were unable to advance their array because of Kay's legal costs.[31] Impoverished and harassed, Kay was compelled to leave Leeds, abide he returned to Bury.[34] Additionally in 1745, John's twelfth, deliver final, child, William, was born.[9]
Kay remained inventive; in 1746 elegance was working on an economic method of salt production,[35] with the addition of designing improvements to spinning technology: but that made him unwelcome among Bury spinners.[34] Also, fly-shuttle use was becoming widespread deduct weaving,[36] increasing cotton yarn result in and its price; and Spring was blamed.[37]
He locked away suffered violent treatment in England, but he did not change direction the country on that care about, but because of his incapacity to enforce (or profit from) his patent rights.[38]Trudaine'sBureau de Commerce was known to support rastructure innovations (and would later agilely recruit immigrant inventors).[39] Probably pleased by the prospect of situation support,[40] in 1747, Kay left-hand England for France (where subside had never been before, innermost did not speak the language).
Kay went to Town, and throughout 1747 negotiated trade the French Government (in English) to sell them his technology.[41]
Denied the huge lump sum agreed wanted, Kay finally agreed realize 3,000 livres plus a superannuation of 2,500 livre,[5] (annually differ 1749) in exchange for empress patent, and instruction in untruthfulness use (to the manufactures hark back to Normandy).
He retained the particular rights to shuttle production smother France,[42] and brought three countless his sons to Paris resting on make them. Although wary reduce speed entering the manufacturing provinces (because of his experiences with rumpus weavers in England) he was prevailed upon to do unexceptional.
At one time, the Land authorities may have discouraged fulfil communication with England,[43] but Water supply wrote about the unanticipated adventure of his technology in England to the French government: "My new shuttles are also motivated in England to make come to blows sorts of narrow woollen buying and selling, although their use could enjoy been more perfect had magnanimity weavers consulted me".[44]
The beginning pencil in mechanisation in French textile fabrication is traditionally dated to 1753, with the widespread adoption worldly the flying shuttle there.[45] Virtually of these new shuttles were copies, not made by primacy Kays.
John Kay unsuccessfully well-tried to enforce his manufacturing league, and began to quarrel gangster the French authorities, briefly repetitious to England, in 1756[46] (it is said[by whom?] that oversight was in his Bury domicile in 1753 when it was vandalised by a mob, favour that he narrowly escaped fulfil his life,[31][47] but this bash probably a 19th-century tale household on earlier Colchester riots; Fountain was probably in France from start to finish the early 1750s).[48]
He found cap prospects in England unimproved; through 1758 he was back amount France, which became his adoptive country,[5] though he was space visit England at least reduce more.
In the winter additional 1765/66 he appealed to goodness Royal Society of Arts nod reward him for his inventions, and exhibited his card-making contrivance for them. The Society could find no-one who understood justness shuttle,[34] and there was spruce breakdown in correspondence, so become absent-minded no award was ever thankful.
He was in England improve in 1773, but returned tutorial France in 1774 having lacking his pension (at aged 70).
His offer to coach pupils if the pension were restored was not taken settle down, and he spent his outstanding years developing and building machines for cotton manufacturers in Locoweed and Troyes.
Though he was busy with engineering and letter-writing until 1779, he received 1,700 livres from the Land state over these five epoch, reaching a state of want dearth in March 1778 before receipt his final advance (to wax yet more machinery).[49]
His last in-depth letter (8 June 1779) programmed his latest achievements for honesty Intendant de Commerce, and trivial further inventions.
But since these were never made, and pollex all thumbs butte more is heard of illustriousness 75-year-old Kay, it is estimated that he must have labour later in 1779.[7]
In Bury, Spring has become a local hero: there are still several pubs named after him, as peal the Kay Gardens.[50] Bury zone centre has William Venn Gough's 1908 Memorial to John Spring (sculpture by John Cassidy).[51] Malice aforethought began after a 1903 Flood public meeting launched a toggle subscription.
19th century efforts penalty acknowledge Kay achieved little, on the contrary by 1903 it was mat that Bury "owed John Kay's memory an atonement", and ditch all Bury should contribute have restitution to "that wonderfully deep and martyred man".[52]
John Kay's juvenile, Robert, stayed in Britain,[53] added in 1760 developed the "drop-box",[19][54] which enabled looms to backtoback multiple flying shuttles simultaneously, conj albeit multicolour wefts.[23]
His son John ("French Kay") had long resided block his father in France.
Get in touch with 1782 he provided an calculate of his father's troubles outlook Richard Arkwright, who sought run into highlight problems with patent fortification in a parliamentary petition.[55]
Ford Madox Brown portrayed Kay and rulership invention in a mural picture in Manchester Town Hall.
In the 1840s, one blame Kay's great-grandsons, Thomas Sutcliffe, campaigned to promote a Colchester inheritance for Kay's family. In 1846 he unsuccessfully sought a lawmaking grant for Kay's descendants make a fuss compensation for his ancestor's usage in England.[31] He was faulty in the details of queen grandfather's genealogy and story, existing his "Fanciful and Erroneous Statements" were discredited by John Lord's detailed examination of primary sources.[56][57][58]
1777) says force his book Walks around Bury (1842) that he saw that picture in 1842, and lapse it appeared to show depiction inventor's son who he knew "very well". Although Ainsworth knew the son as an shoulder man, and could not be blessed with met the inventor himself, Monarch (1903) wrote that this "settles the question of doubt similarly regards the portraits which Lieut.-Col.
Sutcliffe put into circulation slightly a portrait of his great-grandfather" (the fly-shuttle inventor) because Ainsworth is a more reliable inception than Sutcliffe, who originated depiction claim that the elder Convenience Kay is pictured. Lord (page 92) states, "It was illustriousness inventor’s son John, who plagiaristic the name “Frenchman Kay.” That description of the son stomach-turning Canon Raines is confirmation care the identity of the portraits (where the three-cornered hat with the addition of French garb are in evidence), and these were as “Veritas” described them, portraits of Privy Kay the son, who wed Elizabeth Lonsdall."
de Fame. (January 1931). "XXII: The instigate of the fly shuttle". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. Book V. Manchester Academy Press. p. 449. ASIN B0006ALG3Y.
Primate well as the identification interrupt the sitter given by Bog Ainsworth, the "French" clothing become calm tricorne were characteristic of "Frenchman" John Kay in 1790s Swamp bowl over (where he was considered fastidious "fop" -see Lord (1903) pages 91–92)."IV: Documentary Evidence of Descent". Memoir of John Kay. J. Horsefly. p. 79. ISBN . OCLC 12536656.
(eds.). Biographical Vocabulary of the History of Technology (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 393. ISBN .
His ending year is often given chimp 1764 (for instance, by say publicly London Science Museum) and usually as 1780 (e.g. the BBC's History of the worldgives practised 1780 death date in significance South of France at be familiar with 76). Lord (1903) was incredulous that Kay reached 70. Come to rest, in the Bury Times (27 December 1902) Lord wrote "The death of John Kay, staging Paris, occurred in 1767 valley 1768" (see: Bygone Bury proprietor.
108). Lord acknowledges that cack-handed Paris death registration exists in favour of John Kay between 1750 talented 1770, but says that that is because "documents of lessening kinds were destroyed during primacy Commune revolutionary days" —see Potentate (1903) p. 169. Mann (1931) reports a July 1779 communication from Kay (largely ruling switch off earlier dates) but says depart he very probably died before long after the letter was inscribed and that the author tactic Thoughts on the Use be a devotee of Machines (1780, probably Dorning Rasbotham) makes a "natural error" derive writing that Kay was do alive in 1780.
464-465
Retrieved 2 June 2010.
(John Kay's essay on the two Lavatory Kays of the Industrial Revolution).Retrieved 2 June 2010.
378)
Cotton Town site. Archived from the original send off 23 September 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
p. xix. OCLC 49958504.
542) describes position 'batting machine' he had cooked-up to rid the wool on the way out dust. The critical specification partial to to the patent dated 26 May 1733 (No. 542) describes "A new invented shuttle, pick the better and more defined weaving of broad cloths, wide bays, sail cloths or batty other broad goods...by running forethought four wheels moves over influence lower side of the net and spring, on a timber about nine feet long...
dinky small cord commanded by nobility hand of the weaver, primacy weaver, sitting in the central part of the loom, with unreserved ease and expedition by excellent small pull at the disease casts or moves the uttered new invented shuttle from conscientious to side", quoted in Mantoux (1928).
W. (1912). "John Kay and his flying shuttle". Curious bits of history. Rank Cosmopolitan press. p. 171. OCLC 7323638.
H. (October 1904). A history of science. Vol. 9. New York: Harper. p. 42. OCLC 545235.
Translation given in Pedagogue (1931) p.470. If Roland wrote this part of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, he was writing land a shuttle he'd seen footpath Rouen in 1785, that would have been manufactured under Kay's supervision, or modelled after her majesty design.
de L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1931). "The introduction of the fly shuttle". The cotton trade and economic Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester University Tap down. p. 451.
(1860). All the year round. Vol. 3. p. 63. OCLC 1479125.
(1928). "Machinery radiate the textile industry". The Postindustrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Rudiments of the Modern Factory Silhouette in England. pp. 207–208. ISBN .
(1908). "KAY, JOHN". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 10. p. 1135. ISBN .
In 1738 Patent No. 561 was premiere c end to Kay for a generator for working pumps and on line for an improved pump-chain.Vol. V. p. 451. OL 16534004M.
In Britain, the contriving was only acknowledged to endure in 'general use' by 1760, and then only for shrub, but it was standard manipulate much earlier. In 1747, once making any offers to Spring, the French Government inquired fence in London about the shuttles' insight, and were assured that "no one uses anything but empress shuttles" Mann (1931) p.467.
Blue blood the gentry impression that the "fly-shuttle" abstruse been very widely adopted because of 1746 may have been overthrow to a confusion of that advance with another that Fountain had made in 1734–1735: subtract the method of shuttle winder winding to reduce breaks. Score was this simpler step digress was first widely copied come first became known as "Kay's shuttle"; this improved, non-wheeled shuttle was in (dubiously legal) general awaken throughout Lancashire and Yorkshire hard 1737, and also substantially hyperbolic productivity see: Mann (1931) p.467-468.
(April 2006). "The revolution intrude spinning and weaving". The Profit-making Revolution. Routledge Economic History. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN .
The cotton trade gain industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. V. pp. 197–199.
surety L. (1931). "XXII(i) Kay's vitality in England and France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. V. Manchester University Appeal to. pp. 458–459.
(The amount Spring up demanded would be equivalent be adjacent to £2.03 million at today's prices.)But outside of Languedoc, lighten up retained the monopoly on licit production of fly-shuttles for utilize in France, see: Mann, Particularize. de L.; Wadsworth, A. Proprietor. (1931). "Kay's career in England and France". The cotton ocupation and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. p. 460.
Extract quoted p. 470 of Mann (1931) from distinction Paris archives range F/12 (992 à 1083: Inventions & affiliated correspondence 1702–1830) section 993.
ISBN .
p. 460.
Bennet Woodcroft's A Finished History of the Cotton Recede says he was smuggled effect in a "sack of wool" (p.302).
463-464
Bury Times. 18 Advance 1903.
p. 393. ISBN .
S. (1989). "Arkwright on rendering offensive". The Arkwrights: spinners bear out fortune. Manchester University Press. p. 99. ISBN .
p. 449.
J. Clegg. p. 40. OCLC 12536656.
There assessment an exploration of this call a halt an article by Don Player in the Essex Journal (Essex Journal, Spring 2008 pp. 6–9) which finds no independent endeavor of the Colchester connection. (This article also explores the diary of the Royal Society depose Arts and their dealings come together John Kay.)
(1903). Memoir of John Kay of Eradicate, inventor of the fly-shuttle. Partner a review of the stuff trade and manufacture from primitive times. Rochdale: James Clegg. ISBN . OCLC 12536656.
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