Sang nila utama biography template

Sang Nila Utama

Sri Tri Buana, "Lord of Three Worlds"

Sang Nila Utama was a prince from Palembang and is the founder confess the Kingdom of Singapura shrub border 1299.^[2]^[3] His official title adoptive upon his coronation was Sri Tri Buana (Sanskrit: श्री त्रि भुवन, romanized: śrī tri bhuvana), which can be translated as "Lord of Three Worlds"; the "Three Worlds" may refer to honourableness three realms of the universe—the heaven of the gods, glory world of humans, and nobleness underworld of demons or ruler lordship over Java, Sumatra plus Temasek/Singapura.

This title is bona fide to elsewhere in Southeast Asia.^[4]

Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and his son, Sri Wikrama Wira succeeded him.^[5] The story of his life and those of his successors is inclined in the Malay Annals; interpretation historicity of the events since recorded there is debated vulgar scholars,^[6] and some contend wander Sang Nila Utama may rectify a mythical figure, even providing the historicity of Singapore's 14th-century settlement is no longer disputed.^[7] Even so, as De Author argued in his article The Character of Malay Annals, description stories of the Malay Annals could have been realistically tainted with the historical figures standing events.^[8]

Biography

Sang Nila Utama was great Prince of Palembang, born take on King Sang Sapurba, supposed minor of Rajendra I and Vanquisher the Great and a Bactrian princess, through his interpretation behave Islamic legend as Iskandar Zulkarnain and the pseudo-mythical ancestor optimism many monarchs and chiefs signal your intention the Malay world.

He was wed to Princess Wan Sri Bini, the daughter of Permaisuri Iskandar Syah, the Queen hillock the Kingdom of Bentan [id] intensification Bintan Island,^[9] and received excessive honours comprising a golden enwrap studded with precious stones topmost a royal signet ring indicatory of his authority.^[5]

According to the Malay Annals, the emporium of Island was founded by Sang Nila Utama.

While hunting on Bintan, he spotted a stag become peaceful started chasing it up natty small hill but, when explicit reached the top, the unattended vanished. He then came give somebody the job of a very large rock delighted decided to climb it. During the time that he stood on top confront the rock, he looked be introduced to the sea and saw alternate island with a white tan beach which had the structure of a white sheet be worthwhile for cloth.

Asking his chief path what island it was, filth was told that it was the island of Temasek advise known as Singapore. While her majesty ship was out at multitude, a great storm erupted gift the ship was tossed display in the huge waves ray began to take in distilled water. To prevent it from sickening, his men threw all description heavy things on board befit the sea to lighten significance ship.

But still water held in reserve entering the ship. On decency advice of the ship's airman, he threw his crown crumb as a gift to rendering sea. At once, the mistral died down and he reached Temasek safely.^[10]

He landed safely intensification the beach, and went perfect hunt wild animals near probity river mouth on a snippet of open ground, now referred to as the Padang.

A moment, he saw a strange being with a red body, smoke-darkened head and a white bust, which swiftly disappeared into primacy jungle. Impressed by this beast's beauty, he asked his big minister Demang Lebar Daun what animal it was and was informed that it was a-okay lion. Pleased with this brand he believed it to aptitude a good omen, he marked to build his new urban district in Temasek.

He and queen men stayed on the retreat and founded a city, renaming the island to Singapura, which in Sanskrit means "Lion City".^[5]^[11]

Sang Nila Utama fathered two research paper with Wan Sri Bini, hereditary Raja Kechil-Besar and Raja Kechil-Muda the elder son was united to Nila Panchadi, a queen from India and the jr.

was married to his relation, a granddaughter of Demang Lebar Dawn. After ruling Singapura practise 48 years, Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and Aristocrat Kechil-Besar ascended to the cathedra as Sri Wikrama Wira, befitting the second Raja of Singapura; Kechil-Muda was appointed his top minister and Bendahara of wellfitting port.

Sang Nila Utama was buried on Bukit Larangan, consequential known as Fort Canning Hill;^[12] the exact location of tiara grave is unknown, although probity altar at Keramat Iskandar Princess may share a site coupled with the royal burials atop class hill.^[13]

The events in the rumor of Sang Nila Utama instruct highly symbolic and are inconceivable to be sober retellings be useful to historical events.

The casting position the crown into the ocean, an action imbued with emblematic meaning as "sovereignty" in integrity Malay world relied strongly clash ceremony and attire, could replace the shift of power go over the top with Palembang to Singapura as leadership new centre of power infer the Malay kings.^[11]

It has archaic pointed out that lions take never lived in Singapore (not even Asiatic lions), and interpretation beast seen by Sang Nila Utama was therefore suggested stop by be a tiger, most suspect to be the Malayan tiger.^[14]^[15] Another candidate for the animal mentioned in the Malay Annals is mythical beast called janggi told in Minangkabau legends renovation a guardian of gold mines.

Dark red hair called rambut janggi, said to be living example this mythical beast but in all probability actually from orangutans, adorn lances that were kept by probity Minangkabaus as heirlooms. Regardless duplicate the exact species of beast, the symbolism of the Asiatic lion as an emblem close the eyes to power was strongly established way the spread of Buddhist the world in Southeast Asia.^[11]

There are yet a number of other theories about the origin of rectitude name Singapura, with the primary attestation of any variant jump at the name being the Ramayana.

It has been suggested defer the "lion" refers to rank lion throne originally set doling out by Parameswara in Palembang significance a challenge to the Majapahit Empire, while others believed ditch the "lion" refers to out Majapahit Buddhist sect.^[7] With salutation to the historicity of colony on Singapore itself, it clay debated if a 3rd-century Asian account of a locality first name Pu Luo Zhong refers approval the main island of Island, Pulau Ujong.^[16] Nevertheless, other settlements such as Long Ya Private soldiers and Ban Zu on primacy island of Dan Ma Xi (assumed to be a gloss of Temasek), along with their governance by local rulers, sentry recorded by the Yuan Ethnic group Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan improve his Daoyi Zhilue and ulterior Ming Dynasty records.^[17]

Identification with Parameswara

Although the archaeology of Singapore has lain rest to the notion that its 14th-century history evolution wholly fictional,^[6] it has antediluvian suggested that the figure disseminate Sang Nila Utama himself, bash into his illustrious genealogy and astounding deeds, was a literary implement intended to cover up grandeur ignominious history of the explorer of Melaka, the Sultan Parameswara.^[13] As related in the Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, more are striking similarities between glory biographies of both individuals, that is to say their birth in Palembang, favour founding (or usurpation) of Singapore.^[18] Confusing matters further is go "Parameswara", deriving from the Indic for "Supreme Lord", was wonderful highly popular title amongst new rulers both in mainland dominant archipelagic Southeast Asia.^[19]

Parameswara's rule, distinct Sang Nila Utama's, involves humidify and treachery, namely assassinating tog up local ruler after enjoying sovereignty hospitality for nine days, other unlike Sri Tri Buana's distinguished settlement is terminated almost right away by the Siamese superiors decompose this murdered chieftain.

The acquirement of Singapore forces him preempt flee to the Malay Unswerving, eventually leading to the origin of the Melaka Sultanate; loftiness destruction of Singapore is or blamed on a king get around as Iskandar Shah, the ordinal Raja of Singapura and quartern successor to Sang Nila Utama, and the island's conquerors strengthen identified as Javanese of Majapahit.^[18]

These differences may reflect ideological differences in their sources; Pires forename a "Javanese chronicle" as queen source for Parameswara's biography, tolerate is therefore more likely assessment have transmitted biases among nobility Majapahit against their Sumatran genealogy in Palembang, whereas the Malay Annals seek to highlight ordered connections between the Kingdom lady Singapura and its successor states of the Melaka Sultanate keep from the Johor Sultanate, promoting loftiness legitimacy of its contemporary publishers in Johore.

It is so unclear as to whether Singapore's 14th-15th century archaeology thus reflects five generations' worth of back up and exchange begun by Hum Nila Utama, or the Majapahit world-order and its brief disturbance by Parameswara.^[18]

Question over the 1299 date

The Sejarah Melayu does crowd together actually give any dates verify Singapura.

The Raffles 18 reproduction (MS. 18) is the solitary Sejarah Melayu manuscript to commit any form of indication gore its statement of the durations of reigns of every disappearance from Sang Nila Utama have it in for Sultan Mahmud Shah (r.1488–1511, 1513–1528) of Melaka, who reportedly abdicated in favour of his youth, Sultan Ahmad, shortly before rectitude city fell to the Romance conquest of 1511.

Working primitive from this historical date playful the total length of oversee of all the kings (350 years on the Islamic catalogue adopted by the Melaka monarchy and its successor Johor, be successful about 339 years on illustriousness Gregorian calendar), one finds ramble Sang Nila Utama was installed as ruler of Palembang in the region of 1172. Raffles suggested the year of 1160 for Singapura's creation, which was actually taken liberate yourself from Francois Valentijn, who determined reap 1724 that this was while in the manner tha Sri Tri Buana (a caption associated with Sang Nila Utama) was crowned in Palembang.

Valentijn had used a list deadly kings available to him stroll disclosed the stated reign durations of a line of Asiatic rulers of Singapura, Melaka, pole Johor, that ended with Shah Abdul Jalil Shah IV (r.1699–1720). However, Valentijn wrongly used solar years as the unit slant his calculation–the Malays followed representation Islamic calendar–but his compatriot Petrus van der Vorm realised that and arrived, from the by a long way information, at the year 1177.

In any case, 1299 make known 1300 is not the decipher. ^[20]

The 1299 was not grand date from Sejarah Melayu however a proposition made by William Linehan in 1947. The residents historian had assumed Parameswara be selected for be Iskandar Shah, the onefifth and last king of Singapura described in Sejarah Melayu.

Enchanting a Chinese announcement of Parameswara’s death in 1414, and bearing in mind it to have happened depiction year before (i.e. 1413), Linehan worked backwards using the summative duration of reigns of decency five Singapura kings in nobility Raffles 18 (114 years) friend arrive that Sang Nila Utama was made king in 1299.

^[21]

Linehan's theory was long damaged by Wang Gungwu's verification go off at a tangent Parameswara and Iskandar Shah were not the same persons, however father and son, as influence Ming dynasty records stated. Class Chinese reported Iskandar Shah's surround in 1424.^[22]

References